Loricifera can "reproduce and live all their life in anoxic (no oxygen) conditions".. This the first multicell organism being able to do this.
The discovery seems to be made in around 2005, but article in Nature describing the behavior was published in Mar / Apr 2010. Learned the news from HKEJ on 23 Apr 2010.
http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100406/full/464825b.html
The frontiers of life science looks promising....
Friday, April 23, 2010
Sunday, April 18, 2010
再說假期安排
之前說過有關內地假期調動安排，以制造長假期。
再研究一下，原來日本及美國好似都有類似的安排!
Japan's Happy Monday System.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Monday_System
U.S. Uniform Monday Holiday Act..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act
再研究一下，原來日本及美國好似都有類似的安排!
Japan's Happy Monday System.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Monday_System
U.S. Uniform Monday Holiday Act..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act
Thursday, April 8, 2010
品牌 危機處理
近日從信報紀曉風及書中看到產品出現問題處理手法的經典例子，值得學習。
Benzene in Perrier (1990)
Early 1990, Environmental Protection Department in Charlotte, North Carolina detected traces of benzene were found in bottles of Perrier water.
The concentrations of benzene found in the Perrier varied between 12.3 and 19.9 parts per billion-well above the limit of five parts per billion specified by America's Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but far below the sort of levels that might endanger health. A cup of nonfreeze-dried decaffeinated coffee contains more benzene.
9 Feb 1990: recalled over 70m bottles from North American shops and restaurants. However, not knowing the source of the benzene contamination, Perrier's American arm was confidently announced that the contamination was limited to North America.
11 Feb 1990, a Source Perrier spokesman announced that the source of the benzene was a cleaning fluid mistakenly used on the bottling line that served the North American market; the machine in question had now been cleaned and repaired. Independent tests, showed that the natural source of Perrier water, at Vergeze in the south of France, was unaffected by any pollutants.
12 Feb 1990, it discovered the real cause. Company employees had failed to replace charcoal filters used to screen out impurities in the natural gas that was present in the Perrier spring.
14 Feb 1990, Perrier declared to expand recall globally. Recalled 160 million bottles of Perrier. Frederik Zimmer, president of Perrier's international division quoted "[the spring] naturally contains several gases, including benzene. Those have to be filtered out.". The revelation to public that benzene was present in the spring was a disaster.
Result: US market share 13% cut to 9%. In Britain Perrier's tumbled from 49% to under 30%. France: at first held on to 38% market share, dipped slightly to 34% in 1991.
The mishandling of the early days of the incident cost Mr Leven, Source Perrier's chairman and founder his job. Perrier was sold to Nestle in April 1992.
http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/07/business/nestle-becomes-perrier-owner.html?pagewanted=1
Side note:
The subsequent contest between Nestle and Fiat's Agnellis Family for Perrier is also an classic case study in corporate takeovers.
Johnson & Johnson Tylenol Incident (1982) (&1986?)
1982 年10月，報載芝加哥有7名市民懷疑吃了「特強泰倫諾」（Extra-Strength Tylenol）之後死亡，原因是這種止痛藥被人注射了山埃（cyanide）劇毒。事發前，泰倫諾是美國銷量冠軍，年收1,200萬美元，高佔37%市 場份額。事發後，市場份額即時急挫，只得7%。
事發當初，聯邦調查局（FBI）和食品藥物檢查局（FDA）都反對藥品回收，認為錯不在廠商，但泰倫諾的母公司強生的總裁卻強調，創立強生的基本使命即在保障市民的健康與安全，雖然責任不在其公司，但不回收就違反了公司成立的宗旨。
結果，強生回收了3,100萬樽泰倫諾，經濟損失超過1億美元。與此同時，則發現有72顆泰倫諾被滲入山埃，等於救了72條人命。強生如此果斷的行動，獲傳 媒廣泛報道及稱道。6個星期後，加了三重防改動包裝的全新泰倫諾上市，市場份額比高峰期多一倍，令不少行銷專家大跌眼鏡，而「泰倫諾落毒事件」更成為危機 處理的經典案例，並列入行銷教科書的必讀範圍。
維他奶變味事件 (1995)
1995年12月至翌年2月期間，3名顧客在飲用麥精維他奶時發現有酸味，事件被廣泛報道後，公司即時採取危機處理，將深圳廠房停產，以及回收市面800萬包紙包豆奶產品。
事件仍未平息，更波及其他飲品。公司忍痛再將屯門廠房全面停產，並回收奶類及其他飲品。事件一共要回收飲品1,300萬包。
衞生署後來抽驗飲品，未有發現問題，但維他奶仍然聘請海外專家調查，發現問題源自包裝機，最後將生產線拆除及重新組合，以確保產品質素，消費者對維他奶產品的信心亦慢慢恢復。
Benzene in Perrier (1990)
Early 1990, Environmental Protection Department in Charlotte, North Carolina detected traces of benzene were found in bottles of Perrier water.
The concentrations of benzene found in the Perrier varied between 12.3 and 19.9 parts per billion-well above the limit of five parts per billion specified by America's Food and Drug Administration (FDA), but far below the sort of levels that might endanger health. A cup of nonfreeze-dried decaffeinated coffee contains more benzene.
9 Feb 1990: recalled over 70m bottles from North American shops and restaurants. However, not knowing the source of the benzene contamination, Perrier's American arm was confidently announced that the contamination was limited to North America.
11 Feb 1990, a Source Perrier spokesman announced that the source of the benzene was a cleaning fluid mistakenly used on the bottling line that served the North American market; the machine in question had now been cleaned and repaired. Independent tests, showed that the natural source of Perrier water, at Vergeze in the south of France, was unaffected by any pollutants.
12 Feb 1990, it discovered the real cause. Company employees had failed to replace charcoal filters used to screen out impurities in the natural gas that was present in the Perrier spring.
14 Feb 1990, Perrier declared to expand recall globally. Recalled 160 million bottles of Perrier. Frederik Zimmer, president of Perrier's international division quoted "[the spring] naturally contains several gases, including benzene. Those have to be filtered out.". The revelation to public that benzene was present in the spring was a disaster.
Result: US market share 13% cut to 9%. In Britain Perrier's tumbled from 49% to under 30%. France: at first held on to 38% market share, dipped slightly to 34% in 1991.
The mishandling of the early days of the incident cost Mr Leven, Source Perrier's chairman and founder his job. Perrier was sold to Nestle in April 1992.
http://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/07/business/nestle-becomes-perrier-owner.html?pagewanted=1
Side note:
The subsequent contest between Nestle and Fiat's Agnellis Family for Perrier is also an classic case study in corporate takeovers.
Johnson & Johnson Tylenol Incident (1982) (&1986?)
1982 年10月，報載芝加哥有7名市民懷疑吃了「特強泰倫諾」（Extra-Strength Tylenol）之後死亡，原因是這種止痛藥被人注射了山埃（cyanide）劇毒。事發前，泰倫諾是美國銷量冠軍，年收1,200萬美元，高佔37%市 場份額。事發後，市場份額即時急挫，只得7%。
事發當初，聯邦調查局（FBI）和食品藥物檢查局（FDA）都反對藥品回收，認為錯不在廠商，但泰倫諾的母公司強生的總裁卻強調，創立強生的基本使命即在保障市民的健康與安全，雖然責任不在其公司，但不回收就違反了公司成立的宗旨。
結果，強生回收了3,100萬樽泰倫諾，經濟損失超過1億美元。與此同時，則發現有72顆泰倫諾被滲入山埃，等於救了72條人命。強生如此果斷的行動，獲傳 媒廣泛報道及稱道。6個星期後，加了三重防改動包裝的全新泰倫諾上市，市場份額比高峰期多一倍，令不少行銷專家大跌眼鏡，而「泰倫諾落毒事件」更成為危機 處理的經典案例，並列入行銷教科書的必讀範圍。
維他奶變味事件 (1995)
1995年12月至翌年2月期間，3名顧客在飲用麥精維他奶時發現有酸味，事件被廣泛報道後，公司即時採取危機處理，將深圳廠房停產，以及回收市面800萬包紙包豆奶產品。
事件仍未平息，更波及其他飲品。公司忍痛再將屯門廠房全面停產，並回收奶類及其他飲品。事件一共要回收飲品1,300萬包。
衞生署後來抽驗飲品，未有發現問題，但維他奶仍然聘請海外專家調查，發現問題源自包裝機，最後將生產線拆除及重新組合，以確保產品質素，消費者對維他奶產品的信心亦慢慢恢復。
Wednesday, April 7, 2010
旱災、用水與統計
香港大部份新聞集中於中國西南5省大旱，不過今次大旱還包括東南亞六國及菲律賓，影響甚廣。引發我作出少許有關研究。
中國旱情：
自2009年8月以來，西南五省陸續遭遇罕見旱災，雲南猶甚，百年一遇。溫家寶四處奔走，看望慰問受災群眾，指導抗旱救災工作。
http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/ldhd/2010-02/14/content_1535061.htm
http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-02/25/content_1541077.htm
http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-03/17/content_1558065.htm
http://news.hkheadline.com/instantnews/news_content/201003/21/20100321e165433.html?cat=e
泰國旱情：
http://news.hkheadline.com/instantnews/news_content/201002/26/20100226b152254.html?cat=b
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aualfZnoIWI4
http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/154503?tid=2
泰國內政部週五（3月26日）宣佈，全國53個府因缺水成為旱災地區，佔全部76個府的約70%。內政部防災減災廳說，53個府中，16個位於北部，15個位於東北部，8個位於中部，東部和南部地區分別有7個。受災總人口約648萬，受災家庭約176萬戶。旱災還造成2.36萬公頃農田減產或絕收。泰華農民研究中心估計，災情將給泰國農業部門造成至少60億泰銖損失。
菲律賓旱情：
http://trans.wenweipo.com/b5/gx.wenweipo.com/html/c8/2010-02/24/1213.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/world/asia/20phils.html
香港用水：有見及此，想到香港用水情況，一查之下，法現2006有這樣的報導。
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2008-10/03/content_7074577.htm
“Hong Kong people use more water per capita than all other major cities in the world, according to an international study.
As revealed by the International Statistics for Water Services by the International Water Association Specialist Group on Statistics and Economics, per-capita water consumption was 219 liters per day (including 92 liters of seawater for flushing) in Hong Kong from 2005-06.
As for other cities, the per-capita daily consumption in Sydney in 2006 was 214 liters, 200 liters in Oslo, 170 liters in Helsinki and 160 liters in Singapore.”
單看標題，真的以為香港每人用水量是全球最高的。然後，我再找International Water Association的報告看一看，發現香港用水量根本不是最高，日本及不少西歐國家遠比香港高。
International Water Association Statistics
http://www.iwahq.org/Home/Networks/Specialist_groups/List_of_groups/Statistics_and_Economics/
2006 Stastics
http://www.iwahq.org/MainWebSite/Resources/Document/IWA%20international%20statistics%202006.pdf
2008 Statistics
http://www.iwahq.org/MainWebSite/Resources/Document/IWA_international_statistics_2008.pdf
再翻看水務署用水數字，2006年的食水每日平均耗水量為2.61百萬立方米，海水每日平均耗水量為0.74百萬立方米，以1立方米 = 1000L 計，人口700萬人計：
食水及海水每人每日用水量＝(2.61+0.74)*1000 / 7,000,000 = 480L
食水每人每日用水量 ＝ 2.61*1000 / 7,000,000 = 373 L
水務署用水數字
http://www.wsd.gov.hk/tc/publications_and_statistics/statistics/key_facts/miscellaneous_data/index.html#consump
換句話說，香港用水量可能與日本及西歐地區可能差不多。不過，香港的數字有明顯出入，我己經質疑這份報告的真實性。
唉，網上的報導不能盡信，看似專業機構的統計報告，圖多字少，也要小心。
不管怎樣，香港應有不少節約用水的空間，有空再研究。
中國旱情：
自2009年8月以來，西南五省陸續遭遇罕見旱災，雲南猶甚，百年一遇。溫家寶四處奔走，看望慰問受災群眾，指導抗旱救災工作。
http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/ldhd/2010-02/14/content_1535061.htm
http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-02/25/content_1541077.htm
http://big5.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-03/17/content_1558065.htm
http://news.hkheadline.com/instantnews/news_content/201003/21/20100321e165433.html?cat=e
泰國旱情：
http://news.hkheadline.com/instantnews/news_content/201002/26/20100226b152254.html?cat=b
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601080&sid=aualfZnoIWI4
http://www.sinchew.com.my/node/154503?tid=2
泰國內政部週五（3月26日）宣佈，全國53個府因缺水成為旱災地區，佔全部76個府的約70%。內政部防災減災廳說，53個府中，16個位於北部，15個位於東北部，8個位於中部，東部和南部地區分別有7個。受災總人口約648萬，受災家庭約176萬戶。旱災還造成2.36萬公頃農田減產或絕收。泰華農民研究中心估計，災情將給泰國農業部門造成至少60億泰銖損失。
菲律賓旱情：
http://trans.wenweipo.com/b5/gx.wenweipo.com/html/c8/2010-02/24/1213.htmhttp://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/world/asia/20phils.html
香港用水：有見及此，想到香港用水情況，一查之下，法現2006有這樣的報導。
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/hkedition/2008-10/03/content_7074577.htm
“Hong Kong people use more water per capita than all other major cities in the world, according to an international study.
As revealed by the International Statistics for Water Services by the International Water Association Specialist Group on Statistics and Economics, per-capita water consumption was 219 liters per day (including 92 liters of seawater for flushing) in Hong Kong from 2005-06.
As for other cities, the per-capita daily consumption in Sydney in 2006 was 214 liters, 200 liters in Oslo, 170 liters in Helsinki and 160 liters in Singapore.”
單看標題，真的以為香港每人用水量是全球最高的。然後，我再找International Water Association的報告看一看，發現香港用水量根本不是最高，日本及不少西歐國家遠比香港高。
International Water Association Statistics
http://www.iwahq.org/Home/Networks/Specialist_groups/List_of_groups/Statistics_and_Economics/
2006 Stastics
http://www.iwahq.org/MainWebSite/Resources/Document/IWA%20international%20statistics%202006.pdf
2008 Statistics
http://www.iwahq.org/MainWebSite/Resources/Document/IWA_international_statistics_2008.pdf
再翻看水務署用水數字，2006年的食水每日平均耗水量為2.61百萬立方米，海水每日平均耗水量為0.74百萬立方米，以1立方米 = 1000L 計，人口700萬人計：
食水及海水每人每日用水量＝(2.61+0.74)*1000 / 7,000,000 = 480L
食水每人每日用水量 ＝ 2.61*1000 / 7,000,000 = 373 L
水務署用水數字
http://www.wsd.gov.hk/tc/publications_and_statistics/statistics/key_facts/miscellaneous_data/index.html#consump
換句話說，香港用水量可能與日本及西歐地區可能差不多。不過，香港的數字有明顯出入，我己經質疑這份報告的真實性。
唉，網上的報導不能盡信，看似專業機構的統計報告，圖多字少，也要小心。
不管怎樣，香港應有不少節約用水的空間，有空再研究。
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